One has pretty much control on which information from the traceback to be displayed/logged when catching exceptions.
The code
with open("not_existing_file.txt", 'r') as text:
pass
would produce the following traceback:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "exception_checks.py", line 19, in <module>
with open("not_existing_file.txt", 'r') as text:
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'not_existing_file.txt'
Print/Log the full traceback
As others already mentioned, you can catch the whole traceback by using the traceback module:
import traceback
try:
with open("not_existing_file.txt", 'r') as text:
pass
except Exception as exception:
traceback.print_exc()
This will produce the following output:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "exception_checks.py", line 19, in <module>
with open("not_existing_file.txt", 'r') as text:
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'not_existing_file.txt'
You can achieve the same by using logging:
try:
with open("not_existing_file.txt", 'r') as text:
pass
except Exception as exception:
logger.error(exception, exc_info=True)
Output:
__main__: 2020-05-27 12:10:47-ERROR- [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'not_existing_file.txt'
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "exception_checks.py", line 27, in <module>
with open("not_existing_file.txt", 'r') as text:
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'not_existing_file.txt'
Print/log error name/message only
You might not be interested in the whole traceback, but only in the most important information, such as Exception name and Exception message, use:
try:
with open("not_existing_file.txt", 'r') as text:
pass
except Exception as exception:
print("Exception: {}".format(type(exception).__name__))
print("Exception message: {}".format(exception))
Output:
Exception: FileNotFoundError
Exception message: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'not_existing_file.txt'
Every programming language has its way of handling exceptions and errors, and Python is no exception.
Python comes with a built-in try…except
syntax with which you can handle errors and stop them from interrupting the running of your program.
In this article, you’ll learn how to use that try…except
syntax to handle exceptions in your code so they don’t stop your program from running.
What We’ll Cover
- What is an Exception?
- The
try…except
Syntax - How to Handle Exceptions with
try…except
- How to Print an Exception with
try…except
- How to Print the Exception Name
- Conclusion
What is an Exception?
In Python, an exception is an error object. It is an error that occurs during the execution of your program and stops it from running – subsequently displaying an error message.
When an exception occurs, Python creates an exception object which contains the type of the error and the line it affects.
Python has many built-in exceptions such as IndexError
, NameError
, TypeError
, ValueError
, ZeroDivisionError
KeyError
, and many more.
The try…except
Syntax
Instead of allowing these exceptions to stop your program from running, you can put the code you want to run in a try
block and handle the exception in the except
block.
The basic syntax of try…except
looks like this:
try:
# code to run
except:
# handle error
How to Handle Exceptions with try…except
You can handle each of the exceptions mentioned in this article with try…except
. In fact, you can handle all the exceptions in Python with try…except
.
For example, if you have a large program and you don’t know whether an identifier exists or not, you can execute what you want to do with the identifier in a try
block and handle a possible error in the except
block:
try:
print("Here's variable x:", x)
except:
print("An error occured") # An error occured
You can see that the except
ran because there’s no variable called x
in the code.
Keep reading. Because I will show you how to make those errors look better by showing you how to handle exceptions gracefully.
But what if you want to print the exact exception that occurred? You can do this by assigning the Exception
to a variable right in front of the except
keyword.
When you do this and print the Exception to the terminal, it is the value of the Exception
that you get.
This is how I printed the ZeroDivisionError
exception to the terminal:
try:
res = 190 / 0
except Exception as error:
# handle the exception
print("An exception occurred:", error) # An exception occurred: division by zero
And this is how I printed the NameError
exception too:
try:
print("Here's variable x:", x)
except Exception as error:
print("An error occurred:", error) # An error occurred: name 'x' is not defined
You can follow this pattern to print any exception to the terminal.
How to Print the Exception Name
What if you want to get the exact exception name and print it to the terminal? That’s possible too. All you need to do is use the type()
function to get the type of the exception and then use the __name__
attribute to get the name of the exception.
This is how I modified the ZeroDivisionError
example to print the exact exception:
try:
res = 190 / 0
except Exception as error:
# handle the exception
print("An exception occurred:", type(error).__name__) # An exception occurred: ZeroDivisionError
And this is how I modified the other example to print the NameError
example:
try:
print("Here's variable x:", x)
except Exception as error:
print("An error occurred:", type(error).__name__) # An error occurred: NameError
Normally, when you encounter an Exception such as NameError
and ZeroDivisionError
, for example, you get the error in the terminal this way:
You can combine the type()
function and that error variable to make the exception look better:
try:
print("Here's variable x:", x)
except Exception as error:
print("An error occurred:", type(error).__name__, "–", error) # An error occurred: NameError – name 'x' is not defined
try:
res = 190 / 0
except Exception as error:
# handle the exception
print("An exception occurred:", type(error).__name__, "–", error) # An exception occurred: ZeroDivisionError – division by zero
Conclusion
As shown in this article, the try…except
syntax is a great way to handle errors and prevent your program from stopping during execution.
You can even print that Exception
to the terminal by assigning the error to a variable, and get the exact type of the Exception
with the type()
function.
Happy coding!
Learn to code for free. freeCodeCamp’s open source curriculum has helped more than 40,000 people get jobs as developers. Get started
One has pretty much control on which information from the traceback to be displayed/logged when catching exceptions.
The code
with open("not_existing_file.txt", 'r') as text:
pass
would produce the following traceback:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "exception_checks.py", line 19, in <module>
with open("not_existing_file.txt", 'r') as text:
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'not_existing_file.txt'
Print/Log the full traceback
As others already mentioned, you can catch the whole traceback by using the traceback module:
import traceback
try:
with open("not_existing_file.txt", 'r') as text:
pass
except Exception as exception:
traceback.print_exc()
This will produce the following output:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "exception_checks.py", line 19, in <module>
with open("not_existing_file.txt", 'r') as text:
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'not_existing_file.txt'
You can achieve the same by using logging:
try:
with open("not_existing_file.txt", 'r') as text:
pass
except Exception as exception:
logger.error(exception, exc_info=True)
Output:
__main__: 2020-05-27 12:10:47-ERROR- [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'not_existing_file.txt'
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "exception_checks.py", line 27, in <module>
with open("not_existing_file.txt", 'r') as text:
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'not_existing_file.txt'
Print/log error name/message only
You might not be interested in the whole traceback, but only in the most important information, such as Exception name and Exception message, use:
try:
with open("not_existing_file.txt", 'r') as text:
pass
except Exception as exception:
print("Exception: {}".format(type(exception).__name__))
print("Exception message: {}".format(exception))
Output:
Exception: FileNotFoundError
Exception message: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'not_existing_file.txt'
In this article, let us learn about printing error messages from Exceptions with the help of 5 specifically chosen examples.
I have divided this article into 2 major sections
- Printing custom error messages and
- Printing a specific part of the default error message. By “default error message“, I mean the error message that you typically get in the command line if you did not catch a given exception)
Depending on which of the 2 options above you are looking for, you can jump to the respective section of the article using the table of content below.
So, let’s begin!
Printing Custom Error messages
There are 3 ways to print custom error messages in Python. Let us start with the simplest of the 3, which is using a print() statement.
Option#1: Using a simple print() statement
The first and easiest option is to print error messages using a simple print() statement as shown in the example below.
try:
#Some Problematic code that can produce Exceptions
x = 5/0
except Exception as e:
print('A problem has occurred from the Problematic code: ', e)
Running this code will give the output below.
A problem has occurred from the Problematic code: division by zero
Here the line “x = 5/0″ in Example 1 above raised a “ZeroDivisionError” which was caught by our except clause and the print() statement printed the default error message which is “division by zero” to the standard output.
One thing to note here is the line “except Exception as e“. This line of code’s function is to catch all possible exceptions, whichever occurs first as an “Exception” object. This object is stored in the variable “e” (line 4), which returns the string ‘division by zero‘ when used with the print() statement (line 5).
To summarize if you wish to print out the default error message along with a custom message use Option#1.
This is the simplest way to print error messages in python. But this option of putting your custom messages into print statements might not work in cases where you might be handling a list of exceptions using a single except clause. If you are not exactly sure how to catch a list of exceptions using a single except clause, I suggest reading my other article in the link below.
Python: 3 Ways to Catch Multiple Exceptions in a single “except” clause
There I have explained the 3 ways through which you can catch a list of exceptions along with tips on when is the right situation to catch each of these exceptions.
Now that we have learned how to print the default string which comes with an exception object, let us next learn how to customize the message that e carried (the string ‘division by zero‘) and replace that with our own custom error message.
Option#2: Using Custom Exception classes to get customized error messages
In Python, you can define your own custom exception classes by inheriting from another Exception class as shown in the code below.
class MyOwnException(Exception):
def __str__(self):
return 'My Own Exception has occurred'
def __repr__(self):
return str(type(self))
try:
raise MyOwnException
except MyOwnException as e:
print(e)
print(repr(e))
How to choose the exception class to inherit from?
In the above example, I have inherited from the Exception class in python, but the recommended practice is to choose a class that closely resembles your use-case.
For example, say you are trying to work with a string type object and you are given a list type object instead, here you should inherit your custom exception from TypeError since this Exception type closely resembles your use case which is “the variable is not of expected type”.
If you are looking for getting an appropriate Exception class to inherit from, I recommend having a look at all the built-in exceptions from the official python page here. For the sake of keeping this example simple, I have chosen the higher-level exception type named “Exception” class to inherit from.
In the code below, we are collecting values from the user and to tell the user that there is an error in the value entered we are using the ValueError class.
class EnteredGarbageError(ValueError):
def __str__(self):
return 'You did not select an option provided!'
try:
options = ['A', 'B', 'C']
x = input('Type A or B or C: ')
if x not in options:
raise EnteredGarbageError
else:
print ('You have chosen: ', x)
except EnteredGarbageError as err:
print(err)
Now that we understand how to choose a class to inherit from, let us next have a look at how to customize the default error messages that these classes return.
How to customize the error message in our custom exception class?
To help us achieve our purpose here which is to print some custom error messages, all objects in python come with 2 methods named __str__ and __repr__. This is pronounced “dunder-str” and “dunder-repr” where “dunder” is short for “double underscore”.
Dunder-str method:
The method __str__ returns a string and this is what the built-in print() function calls whenever we pass it an object to print.
print(object1)
In the line above, python will call the __str__ method of the object and prints out the string returned by that method.
Let us have a look at what python’s official documentation over at python.org has to say about the str method.
In simpler words, the str method returns a human-readable string for logging purposes, and when this information is passed to the built-in function print(), the string it returns gets printed.
So since our implementation of str returns the string “My Own Exception has occurred” this string got printed on the first line of the exception message.
Dunder-repr method:
__repr__ is another method available in all objects in python.
Where it differs from the dunder-str method is the fact that while the __str__ is used for getting a “friendly message”, the __repr__ method is used for getting, a more of a, “formal message”. You can think of str as a text you got from your friends and repr as a notice you got from a legal representative!
The below screenshot from python’s official documentation explains the use of __repr__ method.
Again, in simpler words, repr is typically used to print some “formal” or “official” information about an object in Python
In our Example 2 above, the repr method returned the class name using the built-in type() function.
Next, let us see another variation where we can print different error messages using a single Exception class without making a custom class.
Option#3: Custom Error messages from the raise statement
try:
raise Exception('I wish to print this message')
except Exception as error:
print(error)
Lucky for us, python has made this process incredibly simple! Just pass in the message as an argument to the type of exception you wish to raise and this will print that custom message instead!
In the above code, we are throwing an exception of type “Exception” by calling its constructor and giving the custom message as an argument, which then overrides the default __str__ method to return the string passed in.
If you wish to learn more about raise statement, I suggest reading my other article in the link below
Python: Manually throw/raise an Exception using the “raise” statement
where I have explained 3 ways you can use the raise statement in python and when to use each.
But when to use option 2 and when to use option 3?
On the surface, Option#3 of passing in the custom message may look like it made option#2 of using custom classes useless. But the main reason to use Option#2 is the fact that Option#2 can be used to override more than just the __str__ method.
Let’s next move on to section 2 of this article and look at how to choose a specific part of the default error message (the error printed on the console when you don’t catch an exception) and use that to make our own error messages
Choosing Parts of Default Error Messages to print
To understand what I mean by “Default Error Message” let us see an example
raise ValueError("This is an ValueError")
This line when run, will print the following error message
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<ipython-input-24-57127e33a735>", line 1, in <module>
raise ValueError("This is an ValueError")
ValueError: This is an ValueError
This error message contains 3 Parts
- Exception Type (ValueError)
- Error message (This is an ValueError)
- and the stack trace (the 1st few lines showing us where exactly in the program the exception has occurred)
For visual learners out there we have also made an interesting video on that topic!
The information needed
- to extract and use each of the individual pieces of information listed above and
- when to use what piece of information
is already covered with the help of several examples in my previous article in the link below
Python Exceptions: Getting and Handling Error Messages as strings.
And with that I will end this article!
If you are looking for another interesting read, try the article in the link below.
Exceptions in Python: Everything You Need To Know!
The above article covers all the basics of Exception handling in Python like
- when and how to ignore exceptions
- when and how to retry the problematic code that produced the exception and
- when and how to log the errors
I hope you enjoyed reading this article and got some value from it.
Feel free to share it with your friends and colleagues!
Введение | |
Пример с базовым Exception | |
Два исключения | |
except Error as e:: Печать текста ошибки | |
else | |
finally | |
raise | |
Пример 2 | |
Пример 3 | |
Исключения, которые не нужно обрабатывать | |
Список исключений | |
Разбор примеров: IndexError, ValueError, KeyError | |
Похожие статьи |
Введение
Если в коде есть ошибка, которую видит интерпретатор поднимается исключение, создается так называемый
Exception Object, выполнение останавливается, в терминале
показывается Traceback.
В английском языке используется словосочетание Raise Exception
Исключение, которое не было предусмотрено разработчиком называется необработанным (Unhandled Exception)
Такое поведение не всегда является оптимальным. Не все ошибки дожны останавливать работу кода.
Возможно, где-то разработчик ожидает появление ошибок и их можно обработать по-другому.
try и except нужны прежде всего для того, чтобы код правильно реагировал на возможные ошибки и продолжал выполняться
там, где появление ошибки некритично.
Исключение, которое предусмотрено в коде называется обработанным (Handled)
Блок try except имеет следующий синтаксис
try:
pass
except Exception:
pass
else:
pass
finally:
pass
В этой статье я создал файл
try_except.py
куда копирую код из примеров.
Пример
Попробуем открыть несуществующий файл и воспользоваться базовым Exception
try:
f = open(‘missing.txt’)
except Exception:
print(‘ERR: File not found’)
python try_except.py
ERR: No missing.txt file found
Ошибка поймана, видно наше сообщение а не Traceback
Проверим, что когда файл существует всё хорошо
try:
f = open(‘existing.txt’)
except Exception:
print(‘ERR: File not found’)
python try_except.py
Пустота означает успех
Два исключения
Если ошибок больше одной нужны дополнительные исключения. Попробуем открыть существующий файл, и после этого
добавить ошибку.
try:
f = open(‘existing.txt’)
x = bad_value
except Exception:
print(‘ERR: File not found’)
python try_except.py
ERR: File not found
Файл открылся, но так как в следующей строке ошибка — в терминале появилось вводящее в заблуждение сообщение.
Проблема не в том, что «File not found» а в том, что bad_value нигде не определёно.
Избежать сбивающих с толку сообщений можно указав тип ожидаемой ошибки. В данном примере это FileNotFoundError
try:
# expected exception
f = open(‘existing.txt’)
# unexpected exception should result in Traceback
x = bad_value
except FileNotFoundError:
print(‘ERR: File not found’)
python try_except.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
File «/home/andrei/python/try_except2.py», line 5, in <module>
x = bad_value
NameError: name ‘bad_value’ is not defined
Вторая ошибка не поймана поэтому показан Traceback
Поймать обе ошибки можно добавив второй Exception
try:
# expected exception should be caught by FileNotFoundError
f = open(‘missing.txt’)
# unexpected exception should be caught by Exception
x = bad_value
except FileNotFoundError:
print(‘ERR: File not found’)
except Exception:
print(‘ERR: Something unexpected went wrong’)
python try_except.py
ERR: File not found
ERR: Something unexpected went wrong
Печать текста ошибки
Вместо своего текста можно выводить текст ошибки. Попробуем с существующим файлом — должна быть одна пойманная ошибка.
try:
# expected exception should be caught by FileNotFoundError
f = open(‘existing.txt’)
# unexpected exception should be caught by Exception
x = bad_value
except FileNotFoundError as e:
print(e)
except Exception as e:
print(e)
python try_except.py
name ‘bad_value’ is not defined
Теперь попытаемся открыть несуществующий файл — должно быть две пойманные ошибки.
try:
# expected exception should be caught by FileNotFoundError
f = open(‘missing.txt’)
# unexpected exception should be caught by Exception
x = bad_value
except FileNotFoundError as e:
print(e)
except Exception as e:
print(e)
python try_except.py
name ‘bad_value’ is not defined
[Errno 2] No such file or directory: ‘missing.txt’
else
Блок else будет выполнен если исключений не будет поймано.
Попробуем открыть существующий файл
existing.txt
в котором есть строка
www.heihei.ru
try:
f = open(‘existing.txt’)
except FileNotFoundError as e:
print(e)
except Exception as e:
print(e)
else:
print(f.read())
f.close()
python try_except.py
www.heihei.ru
Если попробовать открыть несуществующий файл
missing.txt
то исключение обрабатывается, а код из блока else не выполняется.
[Errno 2] No such file or directory: ‘missing.txt’
finally
Блок finally будет выполнен независимо от того, поймано исключение или нет
try:
f = open(‘existing.txt’)
except FileNotFoundError as e:
print(e)
except Exception as e:
print(e)
else:
print(f.read())
f.close()
finally:
print(«Finally!»)
www.heihei.ru
Finally!
А если попытаться открыть несуществующий
missing.txt
[Errno 2] No such file or directory: ‘missing.txt’
Finally!
Когда нужно применять finally:
Рассмотрим скрипт, который вносит какие-то изменения в систему.
Затем он пытается что-то сделать. В конце возвращает
систему в исходное состояние.
Если ошибка случится в середине скрипта — он уже не сможет вернуть систему в исходное состояние.
Но если вынести возврат к исходному состоянию в блок finally он сработает даже при ошибке
в предыдущем блоке.
import os
def make_at(path, dir_name):
original_path = os.getcwd()
os.chdir(path)
os.mkdir(dir_name)
os.chdir(original_path)
Этот скрипт не вернётся в исходную директорию при ошибке в os.mkdir(dir_name)
А у скрипта ниже такой проблемы нет
def make_at(path, dir_name):
original_path = os.getcwd()
os.chdir(path)
try:
os.mkdir(dir_name)
finally:
os.chdir(original_path)
Не лишнима будет добавить обработку и вывод исключения
import os
import sys
def make_at(path, dir_name):
original_path = os.getcwd()
os.chdir(path)
try:
os.mkdir(dir_name)
except OSError as e:
print(e, file=sys.stderr)
raise
finally:
os.chdir(original_path)
По умолчанию print() выводит в sys.stdout, но в случае ислючений логичнее выводить в sys.stderr
raise
Можно вызывать исключения вручную в любом месте кода с помощью
raise.
try:
f = open(‘outdated.txt’)
if f.name == ‘outdated.txt’:
raise Exception
except FileNotFoundError as e:
print(e)
except Exception as e:
print(‘File is outdated!’)
else:
print(f.read())
f.close()
finally:
print(«Finally!»)
python try_except.py
File is outdated!
Finally!
raise
можно использовать для перевызова исключения, например, чтобы уйти от использования кодов ошибок.
Для этого достаточно вызвать raise без аргументов — поднимется текущее исключение.
Пример 2
Рассмотрим функцию, которая принимает числа прописью и возвращает цифрами
DIGIT_MAP = {
‘zero’: ‘0’,
‘one’: ‘1’,
‘two’: ‘2’,
‘three’: ‘3’,
‘four’: ‘4’,
‘five’: ‘5’,
‘six’: ‘6’,
‘seven’: ‘7’,
‘eight’: ‘8’,
‘nine’: ‘9’,
}
def convert(s):
number = »
for token in s:
number += DIGIT_MAP[token]
x = int(number)
return x
python
>>> from exc1 import convert
>>> convert(«one three three seven».split())
1337
Теперь передадим аргумент, который не предусмотрен в словаре
>>> convert(«something unseen«.split())
Traceback (most recent call last):
File «<stdin>», line 1, in <module>
File «/home/andrei/python/exc1.py», line 17, in convert
number &plu= DIGIT_MAP[token]
KeyError: ‘something’
KeyError — это тип Exception объекта. Полный список можно изучить в конце статьи.
Исключение прошло следующий путь:
REPL → convert() → DIGIT_MAP(«something») → KeyError
Обработать это исключение можно внеся изменения в функцию convert
convert(s):
try:
number = »
for token in s:
number += DIGIT_MAP[token]
x = int(number)
print(«Conversion succeeded! x = «, x)
except KeyError:
print(«Conversion failed!»)
x = —1
return x
>>> from exc1 import convert
>>> convert(«one nine six one».split())
Conversion succeeded! x = 1961
1961
>>> convert(«something unseen».split())
Conversion failed!
-1
Эта обработка не спасает если передать int вместо итерируемого объекта
>>> convert(2022)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File «<stdin>», line 1, in <module>
File «/home/andrei/python/exc1.py», line 17, in convert
for token in s:
TypeError: ‘int’ object is not iterable
Нужно добавить обработку TypeError
…
except KeyError:
print(«Conversion failed!»)
x = —1
except TypeError:
print(«Conversion failed!»)
x = —1
return x
>>> from exc1 import convert
>>> convert(«2022».split())
Conversion failed!
-1
Избавимся от повторов, удалив принты, объединив два исключения в кортеж и вынесем присваивание значения x
из try блока.
Также добавим
докстринг
с описанием функции.
def convert(s):
«»»Convert a string to an integer.»»»
x = —1
try:
number = »
for token in s:
number += DIGIT_MAP[token]
x = int(number)
except (KeyError, TypeError):
pass
return x
>>> from exc4 import convert
>>> convert(«one nine six one».split())
1961
>>> convert(«bad nine six one».split())
-1
>>> convert(2022)
-1
Ошибки обрабатываются, но без принтов, процесс не очень информативен.
Грамотно показать текст сообщений об ошибках можно импортировав sys и изменив функцию
import sys
DIGIT_MAP = {
‘zero’: ‘0’,
‘one’: ‘1’,
‘two’: ‘2’,
‘three’: ‘3’,
‘four’: ‘4’,
‘five’: ‘5’,
‘six’: ‘6’,
‘seven’: ‘7’,
‘eight’: ‘8’,
‘nine’: ‘9’,
}
def convert(s):
«»»Convert a string to an integer.»»»
try:
number = »
for token in s:
number += DIGIT_MAP[token]
return(int(number))
except (KeyError, TypeError) as e:
print(f«Conversion error: {e!r}», file=sys.stderr)
return —1
>>> from exc1 import convert
>>> convert(2022)
Conversion error: TypeError(«‘int’ object is not iterable»)
-1
>>> convert(«one nine six one».split())
1961
>>> convert(«bad nine six one».split())
Conversion error: KeyError(‘bad’)
Ошибки обрабатываются и их текст виден в терминале.
С помощью
!r
выводится
repr()
ошибки
raise вместо кода ошибки
В предыдущем примере мы полагались на возвращение числа -1 в качестве кода ошибки.
Добавим к коду примера функцию string_log() и поработаем с ней
def string_log(s):
v = convert(s)
return log(v)
>>> from exc1 import string_log
>>> string_log(«one two eight».split())
4.852030263919617
>>> string_log(«bad one two».split())
Conversion error: KeyError(‘bad’)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File «<stdin>», line 1, in <module>
File «/home/andrei/exc1.py», line 32, in string_log
return log(v)
ValueError: math domain error
convert() вернул -1 а string_log попробовал его обработать и не смог.
Можно заменить return -1 на raise. Это считается более правильным подходом в Python
def convert(s):
«»»Convert a string to an integer.»»»
try:
number = »
for token in s:
number += DIGIT_MAP[token]
return(int(number))
except (KeyError, TypeError) as e:
print(f«Conversion error: {e!r}», file=sys.stderr)
raise
>>> from exc7 import string_log
>>> string_log(«one zero».split())
2.302585092994046
>>> string_log(«bad one two».split())
Conversion error: KeyError(‘bad’)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File «<stdin>», line 1, in <module>
File «/home/andrei/exc7.py», line 31, in string_log
v = convert(s)
File «/home/andrei/exc7.py», line 23, in convert
number += DIGIT_MAP[token]
KeyError: ‘bad’
Пример 3
Рассмотрим алгоритм по поиску квадратного корня
def sqrt(x):
«»»Compute square roots using the method
of Heron of Alexandria.
Args:
x: The number for which the square root
is to be computed.
Returns:
The square root of x.
«»»
guess = x
i = 0
while guess * guess != x and i < 20:
guess = (guess + x / guess) / 2.0
i += 1
return guess
def main():
print(sqrt(9))
print(sqrt(2))
if __name__ == ‘__main__’:
main()
python sqrt_ex.py
3.0
1.414213562373095
При попытке вычислить корень от -1 получим ошибку
def main():
print(sqrt(9))
print(sqrt(2))
print(sqrt(-1))
python sqrt_ex.py
3.0
1.414213562373095
Traceback (most recent call last):
File «/home/andrei/sqrt_ex.py», line 26, in <module>
main()
File «/home/andrei/sqrt_ex.py», line 23, in main
print(sqrt(-1))
File «/home/andrei/sqrt_ex.py», line 16, in sqrt
guess = (guess + x / guess) / 2.0
ZeroDivisionError: float division by zero
В строке
guess = (guess + x / guess) / 2.0
Происходит деление на ноль
Обработать можно следующим образом:
def main():
try:
print(sqrt(9))
print(sqrt(2))
print(sqrt(-1))
except ZeroDivisionError:
print(«Cannot compute square root «
«of a negative number.»)
print(«Program execution continues «
«normally here.»)
Обратите внимание на то, что в try помещены все вызовы функции
python sqrt_ex.py
3.0
1.414213562373095
Cannot compute square root of a negative number.
Program execution continues normally here.
Если пытаться делить на ноль несколько раз — поднимется одно исключение и всё что находится в блоке
try после выполняться не будет
def main():
try:
print(sqrt(9))
print(sqrt(-1))
print(sqrt(2))
print(sqrt(-1))
python sqrt_ex.py
3.0
Cannot compute square root of a negative number.
Program execution continues normally here.
Каждую попытку вычислить корень из -1 придётся обрабатывать отдельно. Это кажется неудобным, но
в этом и заключается смысл — каждое место где вы ждёте ислючение нужно помещать в свой
try except блок.
Можно обработать исключение так:
try:
while guess * guess != x and i < 20:
guess = (guess + x / guess) / 2.0
i += 1
except ZeroDivisionError:
raise ValueError()
return guess
def main():
print(sqrt(9))
print(sqrt(-1))
python sqrt_ex.py
3.0
Traceback (most recent call last):
File «/home/andrei/sqrt_ex3.py», line 17, in sqrt
guess = (guess + x / guess) / 2.0
ZeroDivisionError: float division by zero
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File «/home/andrei/sqrt_ex3.py», line 30, in <module>
main()
File «/home/andrei/sqrt_ex3.py», line 25, in main
print(sqrt(-1))
File «/home/andrei/sqrt_ex3.py», line 20, in sqrt
raise ValueError()
ValueError
Гораздо логичнее поднимать исключение сразу при получении аргумента
def sqrt(x):
«»»Compute square roots using the method
of Heron of Alexandria.
Args:
x: The number for which the square root
is to be computed.
Returns:
The square root of x.
Raises:
ValueError: If x is negative
«»»
if x < 0:
raise ValueError(
«Cannot compute square root of «
f«negative number {x}»)
guess = x
i = 0
while guess * guess != x and i < 20:
guess = (guess + x / guess) / 2.0
i += 1
return guess
def main():
print(sqrt(9))
print(sqrt(-1))
print(sqrt(2))
print(sqrt(-1))
if __name__ == ‘__main__’:
main()
python sqrt_ex.py
3.0
Traceback (most recent call last):
File «/home/avorotyn/python/lessons/pluralsight/core_python_getting_started/chapter8/sqrt_ex4.py», line 35, in <module>
main()
File «/home/avorotyn/python/lessons/pluralsight/core_python_getting_started/chapter8/sqrt_ex4.py», line 30, in main
print(sqrt(-1))
File «/home/avorotyn/python/lessons/pluralsight/core_python_getting_started/chapter8/sqrt_ex4.py», line 17, in sqrt
raise ValueError(
ValueError: Cannot compute square root of negative number -1
Пока получилось не очень — виден Traceback
Убрать Traceback можно добавив обработку ValueError в вызов функций
import sys
def sqrt(x):
«»»Compute square roots using the method
of Heron of Alexandria.
Args:
x: The number for which the square root
is to be computed.
Returns:
The square root of x.
Raises:
ValueError: If x is negative
«»»
if x < 0:
raise ValueError(
«Cannot compute square root of «
f«negative number {x}»)
guess = x
i = 0
while guess * guess != x and i < 20:
guess = (guess + x / guess) / 2.0
i += 1
return guess
def main():
try:
print(sqrt(9))
print(sqrt(2))
print(sqrt(-1))
print(«This is never printed»)
except ValueError as e:
print(e, file=sys.stderr)
print(«Program execution continues normally here.»)
if __name__ == ‘__main__’:
main()
python sqrt_ex.py
3.0
1.414213562373095
Cannot compute square root of negative number -1
Program execution continues normally here.
Исключения, которые не нужно обрабатывать
IndentationError, SyntaxError, NameError нужно исправлять в коде а не пытаться обработать.
Важно помнить, что использовать обработку исключений для замалчивания ошибок программиста недопустимо.
Список исключений
Список встроенных в Python исключений
Существуют следующие типы объектов Exception
BaseException
+— SystemExit
+— KeyboardInterrupt
+— GeneratorExit
+— Exception
+— StopIteration
+— StopAsyncIteration
+— ArithmeticError
| +— FloatingPointError
| +— OverflowError
| +— ZeroDivisionError
+— AssertionError
+— AttributeError
+— BufferError
+— EOFError
+— ImportError
| +— ModuleNotFoundError
+— LookupError
| +— IndexError
| +— KeyError
+— MemoryError
+— NameError
| +— UnboundLocalError
+— OSError
| +— BlockingIOError
| +— ChildProcessError
| +— ConnectionError
| | +— BrokenPipeError
| | +— ConnectionAbortedError
| | +— ConnectionRefusedError
| | +— ConnectionResetError
| +— FileExistsError
| +— FileNotFoundError
| +— InterruptedError
| +— IsADirectoryError
| +— NotADirectoryError
| +— PermissionError
| +— ProcessLookupError
| +— TimeoutError
+— ReferenceError
+— RuntimeError
| +— NotImplementedError
| +— RecursionError
+— SyntaxError
| +— IndentationError
| +— TabError
+— SystemError
+— TypeError
+— ValueError
| +— UnicodeError
| +— UnicodeDecodeError
| +— UnicodeEncodeError
| +— UnicodeTranslateError
+— Warning
+— DeprecationWarning
+— PendingDeprecationWarning
+— RuntimeWarning
+— SyntaxWarning
+— UserWarning
+— FutureWarning
+— ImportWarning
+— UnicodeWarning
+— BytesWarning
+— EncodingWarning
+— ResourceWarning
IndexError
Объекты, которые поддерживают
протокол
Sequence должны поднимать исключение IndexError при использовании несуществующего индекса.
IndexError как и
KeyError
относится к ошибкам поиска LookupError
Пример
>>> a = [0, 1, 2]
>>> a[3]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File «<stdin>», line 1, in <module>
IndexError: list index out of range
ValueError
ValueError поднимается когда объект правильного типа, но содержит неправильное значение
>>> int(«text»)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File «<stdin>», line 1, in <module>
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: ‘text’
KeyError
KeyError поднимается когда поиск по ключам не даёт результата
>>> sites = dict(urn=1, heihei=2, eth1=3)
>>> sites[«topbicycle»]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File «<stdin>», line 1, in <module>
KeyError: ‘topbicycle’
TypeError
TypeError поднимается когда для успешного выполнения операции нужен объект
определённого типа, а предоставлен другой тип.
pi = 3.1415
text = «Pi is approximately « + pi
python str_ex.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
File «str_ex.py», line 3, in <module>
text = «Pi is approximately » + pi
TypeError: can only concatenate str (not «float») to str
Пример из статьи
str()
SyntaxError
SyntaxError поднимается когда допущена ошибка в синтаксисе языка, например, использован
несуществующий оператор.
Python 3.8.10 (default, Nov 14 2022, 12:59:47)
[GCC 9.4.0] on linux
Type «help», «copyright», «credits» or «license» for more information.
>>>
>>>
>>> 0 <> 0
File «<stdin>», line 1
0 <> 0
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
Пример из статьи
__future__
Python | |
Интерактивный режим | |
str: строки | |
\: перенос строки | |
Списки [] | |
if, elif, else | |
Циклы | |
Функции | |
Пакеты | |
*args **kwargs | |
ООП | |
enum | |
Опеределить тип переменной Python | |
Тестирование с помощью Python | |
Работа с REST API на Python | |
Файлы: записать, прочитать, дописать, контекстный менеджер… | |
Скачать файл по сети | |
SQLite3: работа с БД | |
datetime: Дата и время в Python | |
json.dumps | |
Selenium + Python | |
Сложности при работе с Python | |
DJANGO | |
Flask | |
Скрипт для ZPL принтера | |
socket :Python Sockets | |
Виртуальное окружение | |
subprocess: выполнение bash команд из Python | |
multiprocessing: несколько процессов одновременно | |
psutil: cистемные ресурсы | |
sys.argv: аргументы командной строки | |
PyCharm: IDE | |
pydantic: валидация данных | |
paramiko: SSH из Python | |
enumerate | |
logging: запись в лог | |
Обучение программированию на Python |